Ottoman Siege Plan of Vienna, 1683
A contemporary Ottoman plan of the siege of Vienna, showing the Ottoman camp and siege lines encircling the city in 1683.
Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha laid siege to Vienna for two months in the summer of 1683, tunneling and mining toward its walls as the city's defenders and dwindling supplies neared collapse. Relief came on 12 September, when a coalition army led by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski swept down from the Kahlenberg heights, its winged hussars delivering what is often called the largest cavalry charge in history and routing the Ottoman camp. The failed siege marked the high-water mark of Ottoman expansion into Central Europe and opened a long Habsburg counteroffensive that reconquered Hungary over the following decades. Read more in our article on the Siege of Vienna, 1683.
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