Irish bronze age bell beaker culture woman and neolithic farmer man (EEF), bronze age Ireland.
illustration of Irish bronze age bell beaker culture woman and neolithic farmer man (EEF), bronze age Ireland by rowyn flowerdew / pigeonduckthing
In the Jordan Valley, around 8000 BC, the community at Tell es-Sultan, known as Jericho, constructed a massive stone wall and tower. This early example of large-scale stone architecture has sparked debate among archaeologists. Initially interpreted as fortifications, recent scholarship suggests these structures may have served as flood defenses. Regardless of their purpose, they demonstrate the ability of a small community to organize and execute significant construction projects without written directives. Çatalhöyük, located on the Konya Plain of central Anatolia, offers another glimpse into early urban life. See our article on the Proto-Cities before Writing: Jericho, Çatalhöyük, and the Trypillia Mega-Sites.
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