The Bantustans
A United States government map of the bantustans, the territories to which black South Africans were assigned under apartheid.
Apartheid's logic required that black South Africans be citizens somewhere else. The bantustans were fragmented, resource-poor territories declared to be their homelands, four of which were granted a nominal independence recognised by no state but South Africa. The scheme stripped millions of South African citizenship on paper while their labour remained essential to the cities they were excluded from. Read the full story in our article on Building Apartheid: Urban Planning and Racial Segregation in 20th-Century Johannesburg.
Public domain — source (Wikimedia Commons). Free to reuse under the stated licence.
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