{"generated":"2026-09-18T17:27:34.164Z","licence":"Images are not covered by the line above. Every media record carries its own creator, licence and source url; most are Wikimedia Commons files under their own terms. Honour the record, not this file.","count":250,"media":[{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/innocent-iii-sacro-speco-subiaco/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/images/stock/innocent-iii-sacro-speco-subiaco.jpg","type":"image","category":"artwork","title":"Innocent III, fresco in the Sacro Speco at Subiaco, c. 1216","caption":"Pope Innocent III, painted in his lifetime in the lower church of the Sacro Speco at Subiaco, above the text of his privilege for the monastery. Wikimedia Commons dates the fresco c. 1216.","era":"medieval","topic":"medieval-france","creator":"Anonymous (13th-century painter, Sacro Speco, Subiaco)","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Innocentius_III_S_Spiritus.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/suger-annunciation-window-saint-denis/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/images/stock/suger-annunciation-window-saint-denis.jpg","type":"image","category":"artwork","title":"Abbot Suger at the feet of the Virgin, Annunciation panel, Saint-Denis, c. 1140–1144","caption":"The Annunciation from the Infancy of Christ window in the ambulatory chapels of Saint-Denis, with Abbot Suger himself kneeling below the Virgin and named in the glass: SUGERIUS AB[BAS].","era":"medieval","topic":"medieval-architecture","creator":"Glaziers of Abbot Suger's workshop, Saint-Denis (photograph: Vassil)","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/anna-of-prussia-duchess-of-prussia-1576-1625/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Anna_of_Prussia%2C_Duchess_of_Prussia_%281576-1625%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Anna of Prussia, Duchess of Prussia (1576-1625)","caption":"Portrait of Duchess Anna of Prussia (1576-1625), wife of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Daniel Rose","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_of_Prussia,_Duchess_of_Prussia_(1576-1625).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/scythian-statue-3-kirovograd-local-history-mesuem-lapidarium-yds-3165/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Scythian_Statue_3_Kirovograd_Local_History_Mesuem_Lapidarium_%28YDS_3165%29.jpg/3840px-Scythian_Statue_3_Kirovograd_Local_History_Mesuem_Lapidarium_%28YDS_3165%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Scythian Statue 3 Kirovograd Local History Mesuem Lapidarium (YDS 3165)","caption":"Scythian stone sculpture VI century B.C. made from gneiss, revealed near Erdelivka (now- Lenina) village (Kirovograd region in Ukraine) in year of 1880 by famous local historian, a","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Nataliya Shestakova","licence":"cc-by-sa","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scythian_Statue_3_Kirovograd_Local_History_Mesuem_Lapidarium_(YDS_3165).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/aiud-history-museum-2011-scythian-items/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Aiud_History_Museum_2011_-_Scythian_Items.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Aiud History Museum 2011 - Scythian Items","caption":"Scythian artefacts originating from sites in Transylvania, in display at Aiud History Museum, Aiud, Romania","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Codrin.B","licence":"cc-by-sa","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aiud_History_Museum_2011_-_Scythian_Items.JPG","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/ambrogio-lorenzetti-effects-of-good-government-in-the-city/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/images/stock/ambrogio-lorenzetti-effects-of-good-government-in-the-city.jpg","type":"image","category":"artwork","title":"Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Effects of Good Government in the City, 1338–1339","caption":"Ambrogio Lorenzetti's fresco of the well-governed city, painted for the Sala dei Nove of the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena between 1338 and 1339. 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Los Angeles County Museum of Art, gift of Dr Robert Majer, M.79.126.6.","era":"medieval","topic":"byzantium","creator":"Anonymous (imperial mint, Constantinople)","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Justinian_I_Solidus_LACMA_M.79.126.6_(2_of_2).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons (LACMA)"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/scythian-soldier-kalchayan/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Scythian_soldier%2C_Kalchayan.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Scythian soldier, Kalchayan","caption":"Scythian soldier, Kalchayan \\\"Another helmet that may have a Hellenic (or part-Hellenic) inspiration is the earlier first century BCE helmet of the Khalchayan sculptures of Greco-Ba","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"ALFGRN","licence":"cc-by-sa","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scythian_soldier,_Kalchayan.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/scythian-and-pazyryk-culture-women-western-pontic-scythains-and-easter/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Scythian_and_Pazyryk_culture_women_%28Western_Pontic_Scythains_and_Eastern_Saka_Scythians%29_2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Scythian and Pazyryk culture women (Western Pontic Scythains and Eastern Saka Scythians) 2","caption":"Illustration of Scythian and Pazyryk culture women (Western Pontic Scythains and Eastern Saka Scythians) by Rowyn flowerdew / pigeonduckthing","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Rowyn flowerdew","licence":"cc0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scythian_and_Pazyryk_culture_women_(Western_Pontic_Scythains_and_Eastern_Saka_Scythians)_2.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/scythians-national-museum-of-the-history-of-ukraine/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Scythians_National_Museum_of_the_History_of_Ukraine.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Scythians National Museum of the History of Ukraine","caption":"Scythians weapon in the National Museum of the History of Ukraine (Kyiv)","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Swadim","licence":"cc-by-sa","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scythians_National_Museum_of_the_History_of_Ukraine.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/afr-v2-d217-old-ports-of-carthage/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/AFR_V2_D217_Old_ports_of_Carthage.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"AFR V2 D217 Old ports of Carthage","caption":"Old ports of Carthage","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Élisée Reclus","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AFR_V2_D217_Old_ports_of_Carthage.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/ancient-macedonia-within-greece-el/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ancient_Macedonia_within_Greece_%28el%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Ancient Macedonia within Greece (el)","caption":"Η αρχαία Μακεδονία (κόκκινα όρια) και η σύγχρονη Μακεδονία (μπλε) μαζί με την αρχαία πρωτεύουσα (Πέλλα) και τη σύγχρονη πρωτεύουσα (Θεσσαλονίκη)","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Firefoxer57983","licence":"cc0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Macedonia_within_Greece_(el).png","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/ancient-greece-marble-statue-head/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Ancient_Greece_Marble_Statue_Head_%2827974214553%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Ancient Greece Marble Statue Head","caption":"Greek History exhibit, Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com. A photogtaph of the Benaki Museim taken by Professor Gary Lee Todd","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China","licence":"cc0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Marble_Statue_Head_(27974214553).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/irish-bronze-age-bell-beaker-culture-woman-and-neolithic-farmer-man-ee/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Irish_bronze_age_bell_beaker_culture_woman_and_neolithic_farmer_man_%28EEF%29%2C_bronze_age_Ireland..jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Irish bronze age bell beaker culture woman and neolithic farmer man (EEF), bronze age Ireland.","caption":"illustration of Irish bronze age bell beaker culture woman and neolithic farmer man (EEF), bronze age Ireland by rowyn flowerdew / pigeonduckthing","era":"prehistoric","topic":null,"creator":"Rowyn flowerdew","licence":"cc0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_bronze_age_bell_beaker_culture_woman_and_neolithic_farmer_man_(EEF),_bronze_age_Ireland..jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/early-bronze-age-pottery/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Early_Bronze_Age_Pottery_%2828346312457%29.jpg/3840px-Early_Bronze_Age_Pottery_%2828346312457%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Early Bronze Age Pottery","caption":"Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com","era":"prehistoric","topic":null,"creator":"Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China","licence":"cc0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Bronze_Age_Pottery_(28346312457).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/gold-jewelry-from-the-early-bronze-age/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gold_jewelry_from_the_early_Bronze_Age.jpg/3840px-Gold_jewelry_from_the_early_Bronze_Age.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Gold jewelry from the early Bronze Age","caption":"Gold jewelry from the early Bronze Age. The second half of the 3rd millennium BC. Dabene, Karlovo region, Bulgaria","era":"prehistoric","topic":null,"creator":"Ivano Giambattista","licence":"cc0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_jewelry_from_the_early_Bronze_Age.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/early-iron-age-bronze-ornament-700-300-bc/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Early_Iron_Age_Bronze_Ornament%2C_700-300_BC.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"image","category":null,"title":"Early Iron Age Bronze Ornament, 700-300 BC","caption":"Ancient History of Mongolia Gallery, National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com","era":"prehistoric","topic":null,"creator":"Gary Todd","licence":"cc0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Early_Iron_Age_Bronze_Ornament,_700-300_BC.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/agincourt-st-albans-chronicle-miniature/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg/1280px-Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"English Archers at Agincourt in the St Albans Chronicle, about 1422","caption":"The battle of Agincourt, 1415, illuminated about 1422 in Thomas Walsingham's St Albans Chronicle (Lambeth Palace Library, MS 6, f. 243). The archers are drawn as the chronicler's audience imagined them; what the miniature cannot show is the decade of statutes, purchasing and compulsory practice that put them there.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"English School with Flemish illumination","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Agincourt,_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/ancient-greece-so-1926/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Ancient_greece_so_1926.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"map","category":"ancient-greece","title":"Ancient Greece: Ionians, Dorians and the other Greek peoples","caption":"Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd Complete contents of \\\"Historical Atlas\\\" by William R. Shepherd, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 192","era":"ancient","topic":"ancient-greece","creator":"William R. Shepherd","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_greece_so_1926.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/anti-apartheid-protest-south-africa-house/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/South_Africa_House_anti_apartheid_London_1989.jpg/1280px-South_Africa_House_anti_apartheid_London_1989.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"Anti-Apartheid Protest at South Africa House, London, 1989","caption":"Demonstrators outside the South African embassy on Trafalgar Square in 1989. The non-stop picket there ran for nearly four years; by the time it ended the sanctions campaign it belonged to had made South Africa a country other governments found expensive to defend.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"R. Barraez D'Lucca","licence":"CC BY 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_House_anti_apartheid_London_1989.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/antwerp-guild-houses-grote-markt/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Antwerp_City_Hall_and_guild_houses.jpg/1280px-Antwerp_City_Hall_and_guild_houses.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Guild Houses on the Grote Markt at Antwerp","caption":"Guild houses facing the city hall on Antwerp's Grote Markt. Crossbowmen, coopers, drapers and grocers each built on the main square, at their own expense, in sight of the magistrates — which is roughly where they stood in the government of the city as well.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"APK","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antwerp_City_Hall_and_guild_houses.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/attic-red-figure-cup-women-working-wool/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Attic_red-figure_cup_-_women_working_wool_%28Berlin_Ant_F_2289%29.jpg/1280px-Attic_red-figure_cup_-_women_working_wool_%28Berlin_Ant_F_2289%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Athenian Women Working Wool on an Attic Red-Figure Cup","caption":"Women spinning and folding wool, painted on an Attic red-figure cup now in the Berlin Antikensammlung (F 2289). Scenes like this were made by men for a male drinking party, which is part of what makes them evidence: they show the place Athenian society assigned to women rather than the place women made for themselves.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Mark Landon","licence":"CC BY 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Attic_red-figure_cup_-_women_working_wool_(Berlin_Ant_F_2289).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/baghdad-gate-raqqa-abbasid/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/ArRaqqahBadBaghdad.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Abbasid Baghdad Gate at Raqqa","caption":"The Baghdad Gate at Raqqa in northern Syria, brickwork of the Abbasid period. Raqqa was Harun al-Rashid's residence for over a decade and the administrative centre of the Jazira — the province whose garrisons and revenues the caliphate lost control of in the tenth century.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ArRaqqahBadBaghdad.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/bank-of-england-charter-sealing-1694/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg/1280px-Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"The Sealing of the Bank of England's Charter, 1694, as Painted in 1905","caption":"The sealing of the Bank of England's charter on 27 July 1694, painted more than two centuries later by Lady Jane Lindsay. It is not a record of the day but of how the institution wished its beginning to look by 1905: sober, legal, and unremarkable — which is exactly what a bank founded to fund a war needed to seem.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Lady Jane Lindsay","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/barded-warhorses-met/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Heavily_armoured_riders_and_their_barded_war_horses_at_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/1280px-Heavily_armoured_riders_and_their_barded_war_horses_at_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Armoured Riders and Barded Warhorses in the Metropolitan Museum","caption":"Mounted figures in the arms and armour court of the Metropolitan Museum. The armour shown is later than the period this article covers; what it demonstrates is the endpoint — a horse bred and fed to carry a fully armoured man and its own steel as well.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Yair Haklai","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heavily_armoured_riders_and_their_barded_war_horses_at_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/battle-of-ballynahinch-robinson/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Battle_of_Ballynahinch_by_Thomas_Robinson.jpg/1280px-Battle_of_Ballynahinch_by_Thomas_Robinson.jpg","type":"image","category":"military","title":"The Battle of Ballynahinch, June 1798, by Thomas Robinson","caption":"Government troops at Ballynahinch in County Down, June 1798, painted within a few years by Thomas Robinson for a loyalist market. The United Irish rising in Ulster was largely Presbyterian, which is the part the painting is least interested in showing.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Thomas Robinson","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ballynahinch_by_Thomas_Robinson.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/black-book-of-peterborough-cartulary/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_Book_of_Peterborough_%2812th%E2%80%9314th_century%29%2C_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London%2C_UK_-_20150617.jpg/1280px-Black_Book_of_Peterborough_%2812th%E2%80%9314th_century%29%2C_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London%2C_UK_-_20150617.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"The Black Book of Peterborough, a Monastic Cartulary of the 12th to 14th Century","caption":"The cartulary of Peterborough Abbey, open at its copy of the charter of Runnymede. A house like Peterborough kept its lands by keeping its paperwork: the register recorded every grant, exemption and privilege the abbey could produce when challenged.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Jacklee","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Book_of_Peterborough_(12th%E2%80%9314th_century),_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London,_UK_-_20150617.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/burning-of-the-amalricians-chroniques-de-france/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Burning_of_the_Amalricians_in_presence_of_Philipp_II%2C_King_of_France%2C_Chroniques_of_France.jpg/1280px-Burning_of_the_Amalricians_in_presence_of_Philipp_II%2C_King_of_France%2C_Chroniques_of_France.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"The Burning of the Amalricians before Philip II, from the Chroniques de France","caption":"Heretics burned in the presence of the king of France, illuminated in a Chroniques de France of 1487. The scene shows the Amalricians condemned at Paris in 1210 rather than the southern trials, and it was painted almost three centuries after the event — but it records what a French audience of the late fifteenth century took a heresy execution to look like.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Chroniques de France","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burning_of_the_Amalricians_in_presence_of_Philipp_II,_King_of_France,_Chroniques_of_France.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/c-1492-iberian-peninsula-1263-1492/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/C._1492_Iberian_Peninsula_%281263-1492%29.jpg/3840px-C._1492_Iberian_Peninsula_%281263-1492%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","type":"map","category":"spanish-empire","title":"The Spanish Kingdoms, 1263-1492","caption":"Map of the Iberian Peninsula in 1492 CE (including the Kingdoms of Portugal, Galicia, Castille and León, Navarre and Aragon and, in 1492, Granada)","era":"early-modern","topic":"spanish-empire","creator":"Alexander Keith Johnston","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C._1492_Iberian_Peninsula_(1263-1492).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/caligula-cuirass-bust-glyptotek/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cuirass_bust_of_Caligula._Copenhagen%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek._%285296624060%29.jpg/1280px-Cuirass_bust_of_Caligula._Copenhagen%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek._%285296624060%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Cuirass Bust of Caligula, AD 37–41","caption":"Caligula in armour, carved during his four-year reign and now in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen (inv. 1453). Few portraits of him survive: after his murder in AD 41 the senate had his images taken down, and most were recut into someone else.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Sergey Sosnovskiy","licence":"CC BY-SA 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cuirass_bust_of_Caligula._Copenhagen,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek._(5296624060).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/castello-plan-new-amsterdam-1660/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Stad_Amsterdam_in_Nieuw_Nederland_%28City_Amsterdam_in_New_Netherland%29_Castello_Plan_1660.jpg/1280px-Stad_Amsterdam_in_Nieuw_Nederland_%28City_Amsterdam_in_New_Netherland%29_Castello_Plan_1660.jpg","type":"map","category":"cartography","title":"The Castello Plan of New Amsterdam, 1660","caption":"New Amsterdam on Manhattan in 1660, drawn by the VOC cartographer Johannes Vingboons from a survey by Jacques Cortelyou. Every house and garden inside the wall is plotted. The town it records had fewer than fifteen hundred inhabitants and lived on a trade it did not control.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Johannes Vingboons after Jacques Cortelyou","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stad_Amsterdam_in_Nieuw_Nederland_(City_Amsterdam_in_New_Netherland)_Castello_Plan_1660.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/catherine-de-medici-clouet-walters/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_de%27_Medici_-_Walters_37415.jpg/1280px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_de%27_Medici_-_Walters_37415.jpg","type":"image","category":"portrait","title":"Catherine de' Medici in Widow's Dress, by François Clouet","caption":"Catherine de' Medici painted by François Clouet around 1580, in the widow's cap and black she wore for the last thirty years of her life. The mourning was genuine and it was also useful: it fixed her public identity as the dead king's widow and the living kings' mother, which was the ground her authority stood on.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"François Clouet","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_de%27_Medici_-_Walters_37415.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/chateau-dangers-towers/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/00_2528_Angers_-_Schloss.jpg/1280px-00_2528_Angers_-_Schloss.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Seventeen Towers of the Château d'Angers","caption":"Angers, rebuilt in the 1230s for the French crown: seventeen round towers in banded schist and limestone, set into a curtain wall on a rock above the Maine. Round towers have no blind corner and cannot be undermined at an angle, which is precisely why square ones stopped being built.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"W. Bulach","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:00_2528_Angers_-_Schloss.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/chroniques-de-hainaut-presentation-miniature/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rogier_van_der_Weyden_-_Presentation_Miniature%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut_KBR_9242.jpg/1280px-Rogier_van_der_Weyden_-_Presentation_Miniature%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut_KBR_9242.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"The Burgundian Court Assembled: Presentation Miniature of the Chroniques de Hainaut, 1447","caption":"Jean Wauquelin presenting his Chroniques de Hainaut to Philip the Good in 1447, with Charles the Bold, Chancellor Rolin and Bishop Chevrot ranged behind the duke. Attributed to Rogier van der Weyden, it is a portrait of the Burgundian court as it wished to be seen: ceremony, hierarchy and patronage in one room.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Rogier van der Weyden","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rogier_van_der_Weyden_-_Presentation_Miniature,_Chroniques_de_Hainaut_KBR_9242.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/cicero-bust-capitoline/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bust_of_Cicero%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2831933016782%29.jpg/1280px-Bust_of_Cicero%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2831933016782%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Bust of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Musei Capitolini","caption":"The best-known ancient portrait of Cicero, in the Capitoline Museums. It is the face of a man who reached the consulship without a consular ancestor — a novus homo in a republic where the office normally passed within a few dozen families, and who got there by speaking.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Carole Raddato","licence":"CC BY-SA 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Cicero,_Capitoline_Museums_(31933016782).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/clovis-iv-diploma-saint-denis-693/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Privil%C3%A8ge_accord%C3%A9_par_Clovis_III_%C3%A0_l%27abbaye_de_Saint-Denis_%28691%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"A Merovingian Royal Diploma for Saint-Denis, 693","caption":"A privilege issued in 693 confirming Saint-Denis in a rent on the revenues of Marseille and an exemption from toll — both granted originally by Dagobert. The document is in the Archives nationales, and the king who signs it is doing little more than repeating what his great-grandfather gave.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Merovingian royal chancery","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Privil%C3%A8ge_accord%C3%A9_par_Clovis_III_%C3%A0_l%27abbaye_de_Saint-Denis_(691).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/codex-amiatinus-ezra-scribe/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg/1280px-CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"Ezra the Scribe, from the Codex Amiatinus","caption":"Ezra rewriting the scriptures before a cupboard of books, painted about 700 at Wearmouth-Jarrow in Northumbria. The inscription reads that when the sacred books had been consumed in the fires of war, Ezra repaired the damage — which is how the monastery that made it understood its own work.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/colossal-head-of-constantine-capitoline/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Colossal_head_of_Constantine_%28M.C._inv._1072%29%2C_August_24%2C_2021.jpg/1280px-Colossal_head_of_Constantine_%28M.C._inv._1072%29%2C_August_24%2C_2021.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"The Colossal Marble Head of Constantine, Musei Capitolini","caption":"The head from Constantine's acrolithic statue in the Basilica of Maxentius, fourth century, now in the courtyard of the Palazzo dei Conservatori (inv. 1072). The eyes are turned upward and the features are deliberately unnaturalistic — a break with the veristic portrait tradition and the beginning of an imperial image meant to look beyond the world.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colossal_head_of_Constantine_(M.C._inv._1072),_August_24,_2021.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/colosseum-flavian-amphitheatre-exterior/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rome_Colosseum_exterior_1.jpg/1280px-Rome_Colosseum_exterior_1.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Flavian Amphitheatre in Rome, Vespasian's Public Works Made Visible","caption":"The Colosseum, begun by Vespasian around 72 AD. It was raised on the drained lake of Nero's Golden House, on ground the previous emperor had taken from the city — which is precisely what made the site worth building on and what the new dynasty wanted understood.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Nicholas Hartmann","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rome_Colosseum_exterior_1.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/colossus-mark-2-bletchley-1943/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Colossus.jpg/1280px-Colossus.jpg","type":"image","category":"technology","title":"A Colossus Mark 2 Codebreaking Computer Operated by Dorothy Du Boisson and Elsie Booker, 1943","caption":"Dorothy Du Boisson and Elsie Booker at a Colossus Mark 2 in 1943 — the first programmable electronic digital computer, built to break German teleprinter ciphers. The photograph is held by The National Archives at Kew under FO 850/234. Machines like this were secret for thirty years, which shaped who was later credited with inventing computing.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colossus.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/concorde-supersonic-airliner/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CONCORDE_-_BRITISH_FRENCH_SUPERSONIC_TRANSPORT_AIRPLANE_-_NARA_-_17426977.jpg/1280px-CONCORDE_-_BRITISH_FRENCH_SUPERSONIC_TRANSPORT_AIRPLANE_-_NARA_-_17426977.jpg","type":"image","category":"technology","title":"Concorde, the Anglo-French Supersonic Airliner, Photographed in 1975","caption":"Concorde in February 1975, the year before commercial service began. The aircraft was built by two governments under a treaty that contained no exit clause, and it never recovered its development cost — which is a fact about aviation policy rather than about engineering.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Donald Huebler","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CONCORDE_-_BRITISH_FRENCH_SUPERSONIC_TRANSPORT_AIRPLANE_-_NARA_-_17426977.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/conradin-codex-manesse/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Konradin.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"Conradin of Hohenstaufen Hawking, in the Codex Manesse","caption":"Conradin shown hawking as 'King Conradin the Younger' in the Codex Manesse (Heidelberg, Cpg 848, fol. 7r), illuminated some forty years after his death. He is in the manuscript as a poet: two of his songs are preserved there, written by a boy who was beheaded at sixteen.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Konradin.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/convento-de-cristo-charola-tomar/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Convento_de_Cristo_-_Church.jpg/1280px-Convento_de_Cristo_-_Church.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Charola of the Convent of Christ at Tomar","caption":"The Charola, the round Templar oratory inside the castle at Tomar, built in the late twelfth century on the plan of the Holy Sepulchre. The order's Portuguese headquarters was a working fortress with a church in the middle of it.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Ingo Mehling","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convento_de_Cristo_-_Church.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/cortes-of-tomar-1581-luyken/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Filips_II_wordt_tot_koning_van_Portugal_gekroond%2C_1581_-_Jan_Luyken.png/1280px-Filips_II_wordt_tot_koning_van_Portugal_gekroond%2C_1581_-_Jan_Luyken.png","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"Philip II Acclaimed King of Portugal at the Cortes of Tomar, 1581","caption":"The Cortes of Tomar accepting Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in April 1581 — the settlement that created the Iberian Union. Engraved more than a century after the event by the Amsterdam printmaker Jan Luyken, so the ceremonial detail is his reconstruction rather than a record of the day.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Jan Luyken","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Filips_II_wordt_tot_koning_van_Portugal_gekroond,_1581_-_Jan_Luyken.png","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/crecy-froissart-liedet-miniature/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/1280px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"The Battle of Crécy in a Fifteenth-Century Manuscript of Froissart's Chronicles","caption":"Crécy, 26 August 1346, illuminated by Loyset Liédet more than a century later for a manuscript of Froissart. English archers face Genoese crossbowmen; the armour and the ships are of the illuminator's own day, which is how fifteenth-century readers expected the past to look.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Loyset Liédet","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/dawes-loan-1924-gold-bond/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Dawes_Anleihe_1924_1000%24.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"A $1,000 Gold Bond of the German External Loan of 1924, the Dawes Loan","caption":"The American tranche of the Dawes Loan: a German External Loan 7% gold bond for $1,000, issued 15 October 1924 and due in 1949. Paper like this is what the Dawes Plan actually consisted of — foreign capital lent to Germany so that Germany could pay reparations to the countries lending it.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Deutsches Reich","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dawes_Anleihe_1924_1000$.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/de-witt-brothers-corpses-jan-de-baen/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jan_de_Baen-_De_lijken_van_de_gebroeders_de_Witt.jpg/1280px-Jan_de_Baen-_De_lijken_van_de_gebroeders_de_Witt.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"The Bodies of Johan and Cornelis de Witt on the Groene Zoodje, 20 August 1672","caption":"The mutilated bodies of the grand pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis, hung on the gibbet at the Groene Zoodje in The Hague after a militia crowd killed them. Painted within three years of the lynching and now in the Rijksmuseum, it is a record of the moment the Dutch Republic's civilian government collapsed.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Attributed to Jan de Baen","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_de_Baen-_De_lijken_van_de_gebroeders_de_Witt.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/dehomag-d11-tabulating-machine/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tabelliermaschine_D11_DEHOMAG_TSD_%281%29.JPG/1280px-Tabelliermaschine_D11_DEHOMAG_TSD_%281%29.JPG","type":"image","category":"technology","title":"A DEHOMAG D11 Tabulating Machine, Berlin, 1936–1945","caption":"A D11 tabulator built by Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen GmbH, IBM's German subsidiary, now in the Technische Sammlungen Dresden. Machines of this type sorted punched cards for the German census and for the registration systems built on it.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Bernd Gross","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tabelliermaschine_D11_DEHOMAG_TSD_(1).JPG","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/delian-league-tribute-list-stele/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EPMA-IGI%283%29259-272-Tribute_list-1.JPG/1280px-EPMA-IGI%283%29259-272-Tribute_list-1.JPG","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"The First Athenian Tribute List Stele, 454/3–440/39 BC","caption":"The first of the Athenian tribute stelae, three and a half metres tall and reassembled from a hundred and forty-nine fragments, in the Epigraphic Museum at Athens. Each year from 454/3 it recorded the allied cities and the sixtieth part of their tribute paid to Athena.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC BY 2.5","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EPMA-IGI(3)259-272-Tribute_list-1.JPG","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/denier-charles-the-bald-reims/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"A Silver Denier of Charles the Bald, Struck at Reims","caption":"A denier of Charles the Bald from the mint at Reims, struck between 840 and 864: a temple on one face, a cross and the legend CAROLVS REX FR on the other. Coin like this is how the partition of 843 was announced to people who would never see a treaty.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0 nl","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_the_Bald_denier_struck_Reims.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/dioscorides-neapolitanus-herbal/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Of_Medical_Substances_WDL10690.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"A Page from the Dioscurides Neapolitanus, Sixth or Seventh Century","caption":"The Dioscurides Neapolitanus, an illustrated copy of Dioscorides' De materia medica made in the sixth or seventh century. The text was compiled under Nero and remained the working pharmacopoeia of European medicine for well over a thousand years.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Of_Medical_Substances_WDL10690.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/domus-aurea-vaulted-hall/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Domus_Aurea%2C_Nero%E2%80%99s_Golden_House%2C_Rome_%2830161635728%29.jpg/1280px-Domus_Aurea%2C_Nero%E2%80%99s_Golden_House%2C_Rome_%2830161635728%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"Vaulted Halls of the Domus Aurea, Nero's Golden House in Rome","caption":"Concrete vaulting in the surviving wing of Nero's Golden House on the Oppian Hill. The palace was raised on ground cleared by the fire of 64 AD, and its engineering — brick-faced concrete spanning rooms without timber — is the same technology the emperor imposed on the rebuilt city around it.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Andy Montgomery","licence":"CC BY-SA 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Domus_Aurea,_Nero%E2%80%99s_Golden_House,_Rome_(30161635728).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/doolittle-battle-of-lexington-plate-i/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Plate_I%2C_The_Battle_of_Lexington%2C_Amos_Doolittle_engravings_of_the_Battle_of_Lexington_and_Concord%2C_December_1775%2C_reprint_by_Charles_E._Goodspeed%2C_Boston%2C_1903_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05585.JPG/1280px-thumbnail.jpg","type":"image","category":"military","title":"Amos Doolittle's Plate I, The Battle of Lexington, Engraved in 1775","caption":"The first of Amos Doolittle's four plates, published in December 1775. Doolittle walked the ground within weeks of 19 April and questioned militiamen who had stood on it, which makes this the earliest visual account of the morning — and a partisan one, showing the British firing on a dispersing militia.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Amos Doolittle","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plate_I,_The_Battle_of_Lexington,_Amos_Doolittle_engravings_of_the_Battle_of_Lexington_and_Concord,_December_1775,_reprint_by_Charles_E._Goodspeed,_Boston,_1903_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord,_MA_-_DSC05585.JPG","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/doyle-emigrants-leave-ireland-1868/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg/1280px-Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg","type":"image","category":"art","title":"Emigrants Leave Ireland, Engraved by Henry Doyle in 1868","caption":"Doyle's engraving for Mary Frances Cusack's Illustrated History of Ireland, published in 1868. A family kneels for a blessing at the quayside; the emigration it shows had by then removed more people from Ireland than the famine killed.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Henry Edward Doyle","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emigrants_Leave_Ireland_by_Henry_Doyle_1868.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/eleanor-of-aquitaine-effigy-fontevraud/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_effigy.jpg/1280px-Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_effigy.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"The Tomb Effigy of Eleanor of Aquitaine at Fontevraud Abbey","caption":"Eleanor of Aquitaine on her tomb at Fontevraud, carved in the early thirteenth century. Her husband and her son lie beside her with hands folded; she holds an open book. The choice was made for her monument and it is the earliest image of an English queen reading.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Adam Bishop","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_effigy.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/enclos-du-temple-paris-1734/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hoffbauer-Brezet-Temple1734.jpg/1280px-Hoffbauer-Brezet-Temple1734.jpg","type":"image","category":"cartography","title":"The Temple Quarter of Paris in 1734, After the Turgot Plan","caption":"The walled enclosure of the Temple in Paris as it still stood in 1734, engraved by Hoffbauer in 1882 from the Turgot plan. The great tower at its centre was the Templars' treasury, and for much of the thirteenth century it held the French royal treasure as well.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Théodor Josef Hubert Hoffbauer","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hoffbauer-Brezet-Temple1734.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/facon-de-venise-goblet-met/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Goblet_MET_264503.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"A Goblet in the Venetian Manner, Late Sixteenth to Mid-Seventeenth Century","caption":"A blown glass goblet in the Metropolitan Museum, catalogued as probably façon de Venise — northern European or Venetian. That the museum cannot say which is the whole problem the Murano guild spent two centuries trying to prevent.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goblet_MET_264503.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/fontevraud-henry-ii-eleanor-effigies/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_and_Henry_II_effigies.jpg/1280px-Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_and_Henry_II_effigies.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, Side by Side at Fontevraud","caption":"The tomb effigies of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine in the abbey church of Fontevraud. Their marriage in 1152 attached Aquitaine to Anjou and Normandy and then to England, creating a holding that no French king could accept and no English king could keep.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Adam Bishop","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_and_Henry_II_effigies.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/fountains-abbey-ruins-panorama/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fountains_Abbey_view_crop1_2005-08-27.jpg/1280px-Fountains_Abbey_view_crop1_2005-08-27.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Ruins of Fountains Abbey, Suppressed in 1539","caption":"Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire, a Cistercian house founded in 1132 and surrendered to the crown in 1539. The roofs went first — lead was the valuable part — and the shell was left to weather. Ruins like this are the physical residue of the largest transfer of property in English history.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Klaus with K","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fountains_Abbey_view_crop1_2005-08-27.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/frankfurt-kitchen-schutte-lihotzky/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Frankfurt_Kitchen%2C_Grete_Schutte-Lihotzky%2C_Vienna%2C_1928%2C_spruce%2C_linoleum%2C_aluminum%2C_ceramic_-_Germanisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02409.jpg/1280px-Frankfurt_Kitchen%2C_Grete_Schutte-Lihotzky%2C_Vienna%2C_1928%2C_spruce%2C_linoleum%2C_aluminum%2C_ceramic_-_Germanisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Nuremberg%2C_Germany_-_DSC02409.jpg","type":"image","category":"design","title":"The Frankfurt Kitchen of 1928, Designed by Grete Schütte-Lihotzky","caption":"A Frankfurt Kitchen as installed in the late 1920s, now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. Every measurement in it came from time-and-motion study of housework: a galley barely two metres wide, fitted so that one woman working alone could reach everything without walking.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Grete Schütte-Lihotzky","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Kitchen,_Grete_Schutte-Lihotzky,_Vienna,_1928,_spruce,_linoleum,_aluminum,_ceramic_-_Germanisches_Nationalmuseum_-_Nuremberg,_Germany_-_DSC02409.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/frankish-belt-buckle-walters/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Frankish_-_Belt_Buckle_-_Walters_542350.jpg/1280px-Frankish_-_Belt_Buckle_-_Walters_542350.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"A Frankish Belt Buckle of the Seventh Century","caption":"An ornamented Frankish belt buckle in the Walters Art Museum, worn by men and women of high standing in the seventh century — the generations after Clovis. Interlace filling every available surface is the ornamental language his dynasty's aristocracy shared with its Germanic neighbours.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frankish_-_Belt_Buckle_-_Walters_542350.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/frederick-the-great-crown-prince-pesne/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Antoine_Pesne_%281683_-_1757%29_-_Frederick_the_Great_as_Crown_Prince_-_489_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie.jpg/1280px-Antoine_Pesne_%281683_-_1757%29_-_Frederick_the_Great_as_Crown_Prince_-_489_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie.jpg","type":"image","category":"portrait","title":"Frederick as Crown Prince, Painted by Antoine Pesne in 1739–40","caption":"Frederick painted by the court painter Antoine Pesne in 1739 or 1740, months before he inherited the throne and marched into Silesia. The army he took over had been built by his father; what he did with it was his own.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Antoine Pesne","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antoine_Pesne_(1683_-_1757)_-_Frederick_the_Great_as_Crown_Prince_-_489_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/galata-tower-genoese-christea-turris/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Galata_Tower_3.jpg/1280px-Galata_Tower_3.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Galata Tower, the Genoese Christea Turris above the Golden Horn","caption":"The tower the Genoese colony rebuilt in 1348 and called Christea Turris, crowning the walls of Galata across the Golden Horn from Constantinople. A foreign merchant community raising a fortified tower opposite the imperial capital is the whole quarrel over the straits in one building.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"G.OZCAN","licence":"CC BY-SA 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galata_Tower_3.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/germanicus-statue-louvre/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Statue_Germanicus_Louvre_Ma1238.jpg/1280px-Statue_Germanicus_Louvre_Ma1238.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Statue of Germanicus, about AD 40, from Gabii","caption":"Germanicus, adopted son of Tiberius and commander on the Rhine, carved about AD 40 and found at Gabii; now in the Louvre (Ma 1238). He died in 19, and the statue belongs to the cult of a popular prince the regime found easier to honour dead than alive.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC BY 2.5","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Germanicus_Louvre_Ma1238.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/giuliano-de-medici-bust-bargello/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bust_of_Giuliano_de%27_Medici_by_Matteo_del_Pollaiolo-Bargello.jpg/1280px-Bust_of_Giuliano_de%27_Medici_by_Matteo_del_Pollaiolo-Bargello.jpg","type":"image","category":"portrait","title":"Bust of Giuliano de' Medici in the Bargello, Florence","caption":"Giuliano de' Medici, murdered in Florence cathedral on 26 April 1478. The terracotta bust in the Bargello is attributed, not securely, to Matteo del Pollaiolo. The Pazzi conspiracy that killed him was a quarrel between banking houses before it was anything else.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Yair Haklai","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Giuliano_de%27_Medici_by_Matteo_del_Pollaiolo-Bargello.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/gobekli-tepe-enclosure-pillars/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gobekli_Tepe_2.jpg/1280px-Gobekli_Tepe_2.jpg","type":"image","category":"archaeology","title":"Carved T-Shaped Pillars in an Enclosure at Göbekli Tepe","caption":"One of the excavated enclosures at Göbekli Tepe near Şanlıurfa in southeastern Turkey. The limestone pillars, some over five metres tall and carved with animals, were raised from around 9500 BC — before pottery, before metal, and before anyone in the region farmed.","era":"prehistoric","topic":null,"creator":"Teomancimit","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gobekli_Tepe_2.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/golden-horde-catalan-atlas-1375/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Golden_Horde_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/1280px-Golden_Horde_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg","type":"map","category":"cartography","title":"The Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas of 1375","caption":"The lands of the Golden Horde as a Mallorcan chart-maker drew them in 1375, with a crowned khan enthroned on the steppe between the Volga and the Caspian. Cresques worked from merchant reports, so the map records what western traders believed about Mongol authority — at the moment that authority was breaking apart.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Abraham Cresques","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Horde_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/grave-stele-of-hegeso-kerameikos/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pentelic_Marble_Funerary_Stele_of_Hegeso%2C_Found_in_Kerameikos%2C_Athens%2C_410-400_BC_%2828387059682%29.jpg/1280px-Pentelic_Marble_Funerary_Stele_of_Hegeso%2C_Found_in_Kerameikos%2C_Athens%2C_410-400_BC_%2828387059682%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"The Grave Stele of Hegeso, from the Kerameikos, about 410–400 BC","caption":"Hegeso seated, taking a piece of jewellery from a box held by a servant girl, on her grave monument from the Kerameikos cemetery at Athens. It is one of the few Athenian objects that names a woman and was made to be seen — and the servant, who is not named, is standing.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pentelic_Marble_Funerary_Stele_of_Hegeso,_Found_in_Kerameikos,_Athens,_410-400_BC_(28387059682).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/gustavus-adolphus-breitenfeld-walter/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg/1280px-Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg","type":"image","category":"military","title":"Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld, by Johann Jakob Walter","caption":"Gustavus Adolphus at Breitenfeld, September 1631, painted within living memory of the battle. The linear formations behind him are the point: the Swedish army fought in shallower, more mobile units than the deep squares it faced, and the difference was a reform of the state as much as of the drill.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Johann Jakob Walter","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Adolphe_at_Breitenfeld-Johann_Walter-f3706497.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/holbein-henry-viii-1537/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1280px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","type":"image","category":"portrait","title":"Henry VIII Painted by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1537","caption":"Holbein's Henry VIII of 1537, painted three years after the Act of Supremacy made the king head of the church in England. The frontal stance and the widened shoulders were an invention of this portrait type, and they were copied for the rest of the reign because they said what the new title needed said.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Hans Holbein the Younger","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein,_the_Younger,_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/horses-of-san-marco-quadriga/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg/1280px-Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"The Bronze Horses Taken from Constantinople in 1204, Now Inside San Marco","caption":"The gilded bronze quadriga looted from the hippodrome of Constantinople during the sack of 1204 and set above the doors of San Marco in Venice. The originals now stand inside the basilica; copies occupy the loggia. No object states the outcome of the Fourth Crusade more plainly.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horses_of_Basilica_San_Marco_bright.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/house-of-the-vestals-forum/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_House_of_the_Vestal_Virgins_%2843106647760%29.jpg/1280px-The_House_of_the_Vestal_Virgins_%2843106647760%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The House of the Vestal Virgins in the Roman Forum","caption":"The Atrium Vestae in the Roman Forum, with statues of former chief Vestals ranged along the courtyard. Six women lived here at a time, on the most valuable ground in the city, next to the hearth whose fire they were forbidden to let go out.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Bradley Weber","licence":"CC BY 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_House_of_the_Vestal_Virgins_(43106647760).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/humboldt-naturgemalde-tropenlander-1807/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Ideen_zu_einer_Geographie_der_Pflanzen_nebst_einem_Naturgem%C3%A4lde_der_Tropenl%C3%A4nder_-_000012142.jpg/1280px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Ideen_zu_einer_Geographie_der_Pflanzen_nebst_einem_Naturgem%C3%A4lde_der_Tropenl%C3%A4nder_-_000012142.jpg","type":"map","category":"science","title":"Humboldt and Bonpland's Naturgemälde of the Tropics, 1807","caption":"The Naturgemälde from Humboldt and Bonpland's Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen, published in 1807: Chimborazo drawn in cross-section with vegetation zones, temperature, pressure and humidity ranged in columns beside it. It is a mountain used as a graph — an expedition's measurements turned into a single argument about how nature is organised.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Ideen_zu_einer_Geographie_der_Pflanzen_nebst_einem_Naturgem%C3%A4lde_der_Tropenl%C3%A4nder_-_000012142.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/kennedy-khrushchev-vienna-1961/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg/1280px-John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"Kennedy and Khrushchev at the Vienna Summit, 3 June 1961","caption":"Kennedy and Khrushchev photographed in Vienna on 3 June 1961. The picture was released while the talks were still going badly; both sides understood that the images travelling home mattered nearly as much as anything said in the room.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"United States Department of State","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Kennedy,_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/kennedy-nixon-first-debate-1960/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg/1280px-Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"Kennedy and Nixon before the First Televised Debate, Chicago, 26 September 1960","caption":"The two candidates photographed at WBBM-TV in Chicago shortly before the first televised presidential debate. About seventy million people watched. The often-repeated claim that radio listeners thought Nixon won rests on one small, poorly documented survey and should be treated with care.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"Associated Press","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/lancashire-cotton-factory-spinning-machines/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Industrialisation%3B_19th_c._town_in_Lancashire_Wellcome_M0003212.jpg/1280px-Industrialisation%3B_19th_c._town_in_Lancashire_Wellcome_M0003212.jpg","type":"image","category":"industry","title":"Tending the Spinning Machines in an Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire Cotton Factory","caption":"Workers minding powered spinning frames in a Lancashire cotton mill in the early nineteenth century. These are the machines the Luddites broke — not from hatred of machinery as such, but because frames like these let an unapprenticed hand do work that had been protected by custom and statute.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":null,"licence":"CC BY 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Industrialisation;_19th_c._town_in_Lancashire_Wellcome_M0003212.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/leiden-anatomical-theatre-1609/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Theatrum_anatomicum_van_Leidse_Academie%2C_1609_Amphitheatrum_Anatomicum_Luduno_Batavorum_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1887-A-12041.jpg/1280px-Theatrum_anatomicum_van_Leidse_Academie%2C_1609_Amphitheatrum_Anatomicum_Luduno_Batavorum_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-1887-A-12041.jpg","type":"image","category":"science","title":"The Anatomical Theatre of Leiden University, Engraved in 1609","caption":"The Leiden anatomical theatre in a print of 1609, with skeletons of men and animals ranged around the dissection table and visitors walking among them. It was a lecture hall, a museum and a public spectacle at once — and outside the dissection season it was open to anyone who paid.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Rijksmuseum","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theatrum_anatomicum_van_Leidse_Academie,_1609_Amphitheatrum_Anatomicum_Luduno_Batavorum_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-1887-A-12041.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/lorenzo-de-medici-macchietti-portrait/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ritratto_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_detto_il_Magnifico_-_Macchietti_Girolamo.jpg/1280px-Ritratto_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_detto_il_Magnifico_-_Macchietti_Girolamo.jpg","type":"image","category":"portrait","title":"Lorenzo de' Medici, il Magnifico, by Girolamo Macchietti","caption":"Lorenzo de' Medici painted in the sixteenth century by Girolamo Macchietti, decades after Lorenzo's death in 1492. It is a dynastic image made for later Medici dukes rather than a likeness taken from life — which is itself how the family's reputation as patrons was built and maintained.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Girolamo Macchietti","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_detto_il_Magnifico_-_Macchietti_Girolamo.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/lucchese-silk-paired-eagles-cleveland/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Clevelandart_1926.507.jpg/1280px-Clevelandart_1926.507.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Italian Silk with Paired Eagles, about 1300","caption":"A woven silk of about 1300, in the Cleveland Museum of Art. Silk weaving became a major Italian industry in the thirteenth century, above all at Lucca and Venice, and the paired eagles here follow patterns learned from the established workshops of Islamic Spain.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1926.507.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/medieval-ecclesiastical-divisions-of-france/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Medieval_Ecclesiastical_Divisions_of_France.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"map","category":"medieval-france","title":"Medieval Ecclesiastical Divisions of France","caption":"Plate 57: \\\"France with Portions of Burgundy and the Empire showing the Ecclesiastical Divisions in the Middle Ages\\\" (Gallia Sacra), with inset maps of \\\"The Provinces in the 10th Ce","era":"medieval","topic":"medieval-france","creator":"Reginald Lane Poole","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_Ecclesiastical_Divisions_of_France.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/medieval-open-field-system/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Medieval_Open_Field_System.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","type":"map","category":"medieval-england","title":"Medieval Open Field System","caption":"Plan of a fictional mediaeval manor showing the open field system","era":"medieval","topic":"medieval-england","creator":"Plan_mediaeval_manor.jpg: William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1923 derivative work: Hchc2009 (talk)","licence":"public-domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_Open_Field_System.JPG","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/melisende-psalter-ivory-cover/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Egerton_ms_1139%211_fse005r.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"The Ivory Cover of the Melisende Psalter, about 1131–1143","caption":"The carved ivory front cover of a psalter made in Jerusalem for Melisende, queen of the crusader kingdom in her own right. It was produced in a royal workshop that drew on Byzantine, Islamic and western models, for a woman who governed the kingdom for two decades.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egerton_ms_1139!1_fse005r.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/messalina-statue-louvre/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Messalina_from_Rome_Louvre_Ma1224_n1.jpg/1280px-Messalina_from_Rome_Louvre_Ma1224_n1.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Messalina Holding the Infant Britannicus, Louvre Ma 1224","caption":"A Roman marble of the empress Messalina carrying her son Britannicus, from Rome and now in the Louvre (Ma 1224). It shows her as the mother of an heir — the position from which everything she is accused of doing was worth doing, and the position she lost.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Messalina_from_Rome_Louvre_Ma1224_n1.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/metsys-moneylender-and-his-wife/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Massysm_Quentin_%E2%80%94_The_Moneylender_and_his_Wife_%E2%80%94_1514.jpg/1280px-Massysm_Quentin_%E2%80%94_The_Moneylender_and_his_Wife_%E2%80%94_1514.jpg","type":"image","category":"art","title":"The Moneylender and His Wife, by Quinten Metsys, 1514","caption":"A moneychanger weighing coin while his wife turns from her prayer book to watch, painted in Antwerp in 1514. The scales, the mixed foreign coin and the ledger are the working equipment of the credit market that would refuse Philip II forty-three years later.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Quinten Metsys","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Massysm_Quentin_%E2%80%94_The_Moneylender_and_his_Wife_%E2%80%94_1514.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/mithras-tauroctony-aquileia/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Mithras-Relief.jpg/1280px-Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Mithras-Relief.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Mithras Slaying the Bull, a Relief from Aquileia","caption":"A tauroctony from Aquileia, second half of the second century AD, now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (inv. I 624). Mithras had no place in Rome's official calendar and no state priesthood, yet reliefs like this turn up in every province the army garrisoned.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Andreas Praefcke","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Mithras-Relief.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/monreale-cathedral-apse-mosaic/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Monreale_Cathedral_BW_2025-04-29_15-42-01.jpg/1280px-Monreale_Cathedral_BW_2025-04-29_15-42-01.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Apse Mosaic of Monreale Cathedral, William II's Foundation","caption":"The apse of Monreale, begun by William II of Sicily around 1174 and covered with Byzantine-style mosaic by Greek craftsmen for a Norman king in an island with an Arabic-speaking population. The church was a claim to authority as much as an act of piety.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Berthold Werner","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monreale_Cathedral_BW_2025-04-29_15-42-01.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/montferrand-templar-commandery-tympanum/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Unicorn_Doorway_Carved_Tympanum_from_Pierre_de_Volvic_Stone_House_of_the_Unicorns_Templar_Commandery_Montferrand_Auvergne_France_The_Met_Cloisters_Nine_Heroes_Tapestries_Room_Gallery_18.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Carved Doorway from a Templar Commandery at Montferrand, Auvergne","caption":"A tympanum in Volvic stone from the House of the Unicorns, part of the Templar commandery at Montferrand in the Auvergne, now installed at The Met Cloisters in New York. A commandery was a farm before it was anything else.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Svetlana Egorova","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unicorn_Doorway_Carved_Tympanum_from_Pierre_de_Volvic_Stone_House_of_the_Unicorns_Templar_Commandery_Montferrand_Auvergne_France_The_Met_Cloisters_Nine_Heroes_Tapestries_Room_Gallery_18.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/morisco-embarkation-denia-1613/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mestre.jpg/1280px-La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mestre.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"Moriscos Embarking at the Port of Denia, Painted in 1613","caption":"Moriscos being put aboard ship at Denia, one of the four Valencian ports used for the expulsion ordered in 1609. Vicente Mestre painted the scene within four years of the event, as part of a commissioned series recording the operation — from the side that ordered it.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Vicente Mestre","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Expulsi%C3%B3n_en_el_Puerto_de_Denia._Vicente_Mestre.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/moschophoros-acropolis/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"The Moschophoros, an Acropolis Dedication of about 570 BC","caption":"The Calf-Bearer, carved about 570 BC and set up on the Athenian Acropolis by a man wealthy enough to give a bull to the goddess and have himself carved carrying it. The dedication names him. That is the point of it.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC BY-SA 2.5","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/nero-portrait-capitoline-reworked/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Portrait_of_Nero_dating_from_AD_59-68%2C_later_reworked_as_Domitian_and_restored_in_the_modern_era_as_Nero%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2814381804955%29.jpg/1280px-Portrait_of_Nero_dating_from_AD_59-68%2C_later_reworked_as_Domitian_and_restored_in_the_modern_era_as_Nero%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2814381804955%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"A Portrait of Nero, Recut as Domitian and Restored as Nero Again","caption":"Carved between AD 59 and 68, recut as Domitian after Nero's fall, and restored as Nero once more around 1600. The Capitoline head is a physical record of how Rome dealt with an emperor it had condemned: not by removing the marble, but by changing whose face it wore.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Carole Raddato","licence":"CC BY-SA 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Nero_dating_from_AD_59-68,_later_reworked_as_Domitian_and_restored_in_the_modern_era_as_Nero,_Capitoline_Museums_(14381804955).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/noria-albolafia-cordoba/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Molino_de_la_Albolafia_%2828595928320%29.jpg/1280px-Molino_de_la_Albolafia_%2828595928320%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"technology","title":"The Albolafia Waterwheel on the Guadalquivir at Córdoba","caption":"The Albolafia, a noria on the Guadalquivir beside the Roman bridge at Córdoba. Wheels of this kind raised river water into an aqueduct feeding the caliphal palace; the present structure is a reconstruction of a machine recorded on the site from the twelfth century.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Eric Titcombe","licence":"CC BY 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Molino_de_la_Albolafia_(28595928320).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/nsa-headquarters-fort-meade/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/National_Security_Agency_headquarters%2C_Fort_Meade%2C_Maryland.jpg/1280px-National_Security_Agency_headquarters%2C_Fort_Meade%2C_Maryland.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"The National Security Agency Headquarters at Fort Meade","caption":"NSA headquarters at Fort Meade in Maryland. The dark towers in this view were opened in 1986, more than a decade after the Nixon years — but the agency they house is the one whose domestic programmes were exposed in 1975.","era":"modern","topic":null,"creator":"National Security Agency","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Security_Agency_headquarters,_Fort_Meade,_Maryland.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/order-of-christ-cross-tomar/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Convento_de_Cristo%2C_Tomar_%288089798122%29.jpg/1280px-Convento_de_Cristo%2C_Tomar_%288089798122%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Cross of the Order of Christ at the Convent of Christ, Tomar","caption":"The cross of the Order of Christ at Tomar, the Portuguese house that had been the Templars' headquarters and became the new order's seat after 1319. The form is the Templar cross with a plain cross laid over it — a deliberate statement that the order was a continuation, not a replacement.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Inês Saraiva","licence":"CC BY 2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convento_de_Cristo,_Tomar_(8089798122).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/palais-des-papes-avignon/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Avignon%2C_Palais_des_Papes_by_JM_Rosier.jpg/1280px-Avignon%2C_Palais_des_Papes_by_JM_Rosier.jpg","type":"image","category":"architecture","title":"The Papal Palace at Avignon","caption":"The Palais des Papes at Avignon, built in two campaigns between 1335 and 1352. Benedict XII raised the austere older wing; Clement VI, elected in 1342, added the palace on the left and paid for the decoration that gave the papal court its reputation for splendour.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Jean-Marc Rosier","licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avignon,_Palais_des_Papes_by_JM_Rosier.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/papal-diplomacy-munster-ratification-ter-borch/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Munster%2C_Gerard_Ter_Borch_%281648%29.jpg/1280px-The_Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Munster%2C_Gerard_Ter_Borch_%281648%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"politics","title":"The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster, 15 May 1648","caption":"Spanish and Dutch delegates swearing the Treaty of Münster in the town hall on 15 May 1648, in a copy after Gerard ter Borch, who was present. No papal representative is in the room, and that absence is the point: the nuncio Fabio Chigi refused to take part in a settlement between a Catholic king and heretic rebels.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"After Gerard ter Borch","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Munster,_Gerard_Ter_Borch_(1648).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/parthian-mounted-archer-plaque/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Fired_clay_plaque_showing_a_mounted_archer%2C_Parthian_period%2C_circa_1st-3rd_century_%28BM_135684%29.jpg/1280px-Fired_clay_plaque_showing_a_mounted_archer%2C_Parthian_period%2C_circa_1st-3rd_century_%28BM_135684%29.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"A Parthian Mounted Archer on a Fired Clay Plaque","caption":"A Parthian horse archer, moulded in fired clay in the first to third century AD and now in the British Museum. The bow drawn from the saddle is what destroyed a Roman consular army at Carrhae: mobile, unreachable by infantry, and resupplied from camels carrying spare arrows.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fired_clay_plaque_showing_a_mounted_archer,_Parthian_period,_circa_1st-3rd_century_(BM_135684).jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/phoenician-inscriptions-carthage-british-museum/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nathan_Davis_Phoenician_Inscriptions_from_Carthage_in_the_British_Museum_%281856-58%29_23.jpg/1280px-Nathan_Davis_Phoenician_Inscriptions_from_Carthage_in_the_British_Museum_%281856-58%29_23.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Phoenician Votive Inscriptions Excavated at Carthage, Published 1863","caption":"Phoenician inscriptions recovered from the site of Carthage by Nathan Davis between 1856 and 1858 and deposited in the British Museum, drawn for his published catalogue of 1863. Punic stelae like these are the only substantial body of writing the Carthaginians left in their own language.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Nathan Davis","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nathan_Davis_Phoenician_Inscriptions_from_Carthage_in_the_British_Museum_(1856-58)_23.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/piranesi-carceri-title-plate-1750/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi_-_Le_Carceri_d%27Invenzione_-_First_Edition_-_1750_-_01_-_Title_Plate.jpg/1280px-Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi_-_Le_Carceri_d%27Invenzione_-_First_Edition_-_1750_-_01_-_Title_Plate.jpg","type":"image","category":"art","title":"The Title Plate of Piranesi's Carceri d'Invenzione, First Edition","caption":"The opening plate of the first edition of Le Carceri d'Invenzione, etched between about 1745 and 1750. Piranesi called them inventions, not records: prisons that exist nowhere, built out of the vaults, chains, gantries and stairs he had spent his life drawing among the real ruins of Rome.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Giovanni Battista Piranesi","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi_-_Le_Carceri_d%27Invenzione_-_First_Edition_-_1750_-_01_-_Title_Plate.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/rabanus-maurus-alcuin-otgar-fulda/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/1280px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"Rabanus Maurus, Supported by Alcuin, Presents His Work to Archbishop Otgar","caption":"Rabanus Maurus, guided by his teacher Alcuin of York, dedicates his work to Otgar, archbishop of Mainz. Painted at Fulda in the second quarter of the ninth century, within living memory of both men, it shows the Carolingian school movement as a chain of masters and pupils.","era":"medieval","topic":null,"creator":"Fulda scriptorium","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/revere-boston-massacre-engraving/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paul_Revere%2C_after_Henry_Pelham%2C_The_Boston_Massacre%2C_1770%2C_NGA_11550.jpg/1280px-Paul_Revere%2C_after_Henry_Pelham%2C_The_Boston_Massacre%2C_1770%2C_NGA_11550.jpg","type":"image","category":"art","title":"Paul Revere's Engraving of the Boston Massacre, 1770","caption":"Revere's print of the shooting in King Street, published within three weeks and copied from a drawing by Henry Pelham, who accused him of theft. It shows an officer ordering a volley into an unarmed crowd, which is not what the trial found — and it sold very well.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Paul Revere, after Henry Pelham","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Revere,_after_Henry_Pelham,_The_Boston_Massacre,_1770,_NGA_11550.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/reymerswaele-tax-collectors-warsaw/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Marinus_Claeszoon_van_Reymerswaele_-_Tax_collectors_-_M.Ob.592_MNW_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw.jpg/1280px-Marinus_Claeszoon_van_Reymerswaele_-_Tax_collectors_-_M.Ob.592_MNW_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw.jpg","type":"image","category":"art","title":"Tax Collectors at Their Ledgers, after Marinus van Reymerswaele","caption":"Two collectors surrounded by ledgers, tallies and coin, painted in the first half of the seventeenth century after a composition by Marinus van Reymerswaele. Pictures of this kind were satires on avarice; the cameralists took the same desk entirely seriously.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"After Marinus van Reymerswaele","licence":"Public domain","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marinus_Claeszoon_van_Reymerswaele_-_Tax_collectors_-_M.Ob.592_MNW_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/rigaud-louis-xiv-chantilly/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Louis_XIV_Rigaud_Cond%C3%A9_Chantilly.jpg/1280px-Louis_XIV_Rigaud_Cond%C3%A9_Chantilly.jpg","type":"image","category":"portrait","title":"Louis XIV by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701","caption":"Rigaud's Louis XIV of 1701, in the version at the Musée Condé in Chantilly. The king was sixty-three; the legs are a dancer's, the ermine is a coronation robe, and the face is the only part of the picture doing anything other than argument.","era":"early-modern","topic":null,"creator":"Hyacinthe Rigaud","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_Rigaud_Cond%C3%A9_Chantilly.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/roman-togatus-statue-met/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marble_statue_of_a_togatus_%28man_wearing_a_toga%29_MET_DT11656.jpg/1280px-Marble_statue_of_a_togatus_%28man_wearing_a_toga%29_MET_DT11656.jpg","type":"image","category":"artifact","title":"Marble Statue of a Roman in a Toga, First Century AD","caption":"A togatus in the Metropolitan Museum. The toga was not clothing so much as a licence: only a citizen could wear it, its border declared rank, and the amount of cloth on display was itself a statement of what a man could afford to own and to have laundered.","era":"ancient","topic":null,"creator":"Anonymous","licence":"CC0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_statue_of_a_togatus_(man_wearing_a_toga)_MET_DT11656.jpg","sourceName":"Wikimedia Commons"},{"url":"https://writesidesofhistory.com/media/rous-roll-richard-iii-family/","image":"https://writesidesofhistory.comhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Rous_Roll_-_Richard_and_family.jpg","type":"image","category":"manuscript","title":"Richard III with Anne Neville and Their Son, in the Rous Roll of 1483","caption":"Richard III between his queen, Anne Neville, and their son Edward, drawn by John Rous in 1483 with the heraldry of both houses set out around them. 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